The residential Tenant Fees Act 2019 cap (interest at 3% above the Bank of England base rate, with a mandatory 14-day grace period) does not apply to commercial tenancies. Commercial landlords in England have broad freedom to impose late payment charges and default interest, subject to general contract law principles and specific statutory fallback provisions.

Contractual Interest Provisions

Most English commercial leases include a default interest clause specifying the rate of interest payable on overdue rent and other sums. Typical contractual rates range from 3% to 5% above the base rate of a major clearing bank (e.g., Barclays, NatWest, or the Bank of England).

The lease should clearly state:

• The interest rate and how it is calculated (simple or compound).
• When interest begins to accrue (typically from the due date, not after a grace period).
• Whether interest applies to all sums due under the lease (not just rent, but also service charges, insurance premiums, and costs).

The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998

If the commercial lease does not contain a specific interest provision — or if the contractual rate is deemed by a court to be a "penalty" — the landlord can fall back on the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998.

Under this Act, the statutory interest rate for late commercial payments is 8% above the Bank of England base rate per annum. In addition, the creditor is entitled to claim fixed-sum compensation:

[!NOTE] The Act also allows the landlord to claim reasonable recovery costs incurred in chasing the debt (e.g., solicitor's letters, debt collection agency fees).

Penalty vs. Liquidated Damages

English courts will not enforce a contractual late fee that constitutes a penalty — i.e., a charge that is disproportionate to the landlord's legitimate interest in performance. However, the Supreme Court's decision in Cavendish Square Holding BV v Makdessi (2015) established a more lenient test: a clause will only be a penalty if it imposes a detriment "out of all proportion" to the landlord's legitimate interest.

In practice, commercial interest rates of 3-5% above base rate are almost universally upheld.

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