Quebec Eviction Process for Landlords: Rules and Timelines

Governed by the Civil Code of Québec (effective 1 January 1994), evicting a tenant in Quebec is challenging due to the legal concept of the "right to maintain occupancy," which essentially guarantees a tenant's right to stay in their dwelling indefinitely, provided they comply with the lease. The Tribunal administratif du logement (TAL) oversees all residential evictions and lease terminations.

Lease Termination vs. Eviction

In Quebec law, there is a distinct difference between "eviction/repossession" (no-fault reasons triggered by the landlord's projects) and "lease termination" (at-fault reasons due to a tenant's breach of contract).

1. Lease Termination (At-Fault)

A landlord can apply to the TAL to terminate a lease if the tenant seriously breaches their obligations:

• Non-payment of rent: The tenant is more than three weeks (21 days) late. However, under the TAL's discretionary power, the tenant may avoid termination if they pay the rent and costs before the judgment, as the TAL can grant a delay for payment.
• Frequent late payments: The tenant habitually pays late, causing the landlord "serious prejudice" (e.g., late mortgage payments).
• Disturbing the peace: The tenant causes severe and continuous disturbances to neighbors.
• Illegal activity / Unsanitary conditions: The tenant uses the dwelling for illegal purposes or causes significant damage/health hazards.

In these at-fault scenarios, the landlord must file a claim with the TAL to obtain a judgment breaking the lease and ordering the tenant to leave.

2. Repossession of a Dwelling (No-Fault)

Under CCQ Article 1957, only a landlord who is the owner of the dwelling can repossess it exclusively to live in it themselves, or to house:

• Their children or parents.
• A spouse from whom they are separated or divorced, but for whom they remain the primary support.
• Any other relative they primarily support.

Notice Periods for Repossession:

• Leases of more than 6 months: 6 months' written notice before the end of the term.
• Leases of 6 months or less: 1 month's written notice before the lease ends.
• Indeterminate leases: 6 months' written notice before the intended date of repossession.

The tenant has 1 month to respond to the notice. If they refuse or fail to respond, the landlord must apply to the TAL within 1 month for authorization to repossess.

3. Eviction for Subdividing, Enlarging, or Changing Use

Under normal circumstances, a landlord could evict a tenant to change a building's destination (e.g., residential to commercial), divide the dwelling, or substantially enlarge it.

EVICTIONS FOR RENOVATIONS (Bill 65 & Bill 31) Under Bill 65 (effective June 6, 2024), a 3-year moratorium prohibits evictions for the purpose of subdividing a dwelling, substantially enlarging it, or changing its destination. This moratorium applies unless the rental vacancy rate in the relevant urban center reaches 3% or higher (based on CMHC data).

If an eviction is legally permitted, the landlord must pay the tenant a mandatory indemnity equal to one month's rent for each year of uninterrupted lease (minimum of 3 months and maximum of 24 months), plus reasonable moving expenses upon presentation of receipts (CCQ Art. 1965, as amended by Bill 31). Bill 31 was assented to and became effective on February 21, 2024.

Tenant Responses to Eviction Notices

Under the Bill 31 changes (effective February 21, 2024), if a tenant receives a notice of eviction (for projects, when permitted) and does not respond within one month, they are presumed to have refused the eviction (reversing the previous rule where silence meant acceptance). The landlord must then apply to the TAL to force the eviction.

For repossession, if the tenant does not reply, it is also considered a refusal, obligating the landlord to seek TAL authorization.

Protections for Senior Citizens

Under CCQ Art. 1959.1 (as amended by Bill 65), Quebec law strictly prohibits landlords from repossessing a dwelling or evicting a tenant who meets all three of the following criteria:

1. The tenant (or their spouse) is 65 years of age or older.
2. The tenant has occupied the dwelling for at least 10 consecutive years.
3. The tenant's income is equal to or less than 125% of the maximum income qualifying the tenant for low-rental housing.

Exception: A landlord can repossess the unit from a senior if the landlord (or the family member moving in) is also 65 years of age or older.

Eviction Process Steps

1. Serve Notice: Provide formal written notice adhering to strict TAL timelines and forms.
2. Tenant Response Window: Wait 1 month for the tenant to accept or refuse.
3. Open a File at the TAL: If refused, file an application with the TAL within the legal deadline (usually 1 month after refusal).
4. The Hearing: Both parties present evidence. For repossession, the landlord must prove they genuinely intend to use the dwelling for the stated purpose.
5. The Judgment: If the TAL rules in favor of the landlord, they must order the payment of the mandatory indemnity (1 month's rent per year, min 3, max 24) and moving expenses.
6. Execution: If the tenant still refuses to leave after a judgment, the landlord must hire a bailiff (huissier) to physically execute the eviction.

How Landager Helps

Managing eviction timelines and TAL deadlines requires absolute precision. Landager's task management system automatically calculates notice periods based on lease end dates and logs all communications and notices sent to tenants, ensuring your documentation is ready if you ever need to go to a hearing.

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